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Explain
on literary terms : Criticism and Tragic hero
M.A English Semester – 1
Roll no- 38
Enrollment No: – 206910842019003
Batch: 2018- 20
Submitted to: S. B. Gardi
Department of English, MKBU
Paper no-3 Literary Theory and
criticism -Western Poetics-1
Topic:
Explanation on literary terms: Criticism and Tragic hero
Introduction
Literary
Criticism, the reasoned Consideration of literary work and issues. It applies,
as a term, to any argumentation about literature, whether or not specific works
are analysed. Plato’s cautions against the risky consequence of poetic
inspiration in general in his Republic are thus often taken as the earliest
important example of literary Criticism. The function of literary criticism very
widely, ranging from the reviewing of books they are published to systematic
theoretical discussion. The “Pulitzer Prize for Criticism” has been presented
since 1970 to a news paper writer who has demonstrated criticism. Here I explain terms, Criticism and The
Tragic Hero.
Criticism
Criticism means,
“The analysis and judgement of the
merits
and faults of a literary or artistic work.
‘alternative methods of criticism supported by
well-developed literary theories”
Criticism is
an evalutive or corrective exercise that can occur in any area of human life.In
specific areas of human endeavour, the form of criticism can be highly
specialized and technical. Criticism involves active disagreement but it may
only mean “taking sides”. The goal is to understand the possible meanings of
cultural phenomena and the context in which they take shape. The early English
meaning of criticism, that of judging and interpreting literature. Such
criticism was carried out mainly by academic authorities, business and men of
property with the leisure to devote themselves to the pursuit of knowledge.
In the 20th
century, all these meanings continued, but criticism acquired the more general
connotation of voicing an objection, or appraising the pros and cons of
something. With the growth of specialization in the division of labour, and the
growth of tertiary education, innumerable different branches of criticism
emerged with their own rules and specialized technical meanings.
All forms of art have their critics. We read
film reviews in our daily newspapers, television reviews in magazines. Literary
criticism helps us to go inside of the text and understand the written work
from many different viewpoints. Often times, theseperspective will not be
readily apparent to us unless we delve into the work and learn hoe to look past
the surface. By learning how to deconstruct literature through class
discussions or in our reading, we get to many different ways to evaluated
literature. Some critics care about when and where an author was born, while
other critics feel that information is irrelevant. Below are a few different
approaches to literary criticism.Parts of criticism,
Ø Aesthetic criticism
Ø Logical criticism
Ø Factual criticism
Ø Positive criticism
Ø Negative criticism
Ø Constructive criticism
Ø Destructive criticism
Ø Practical criticism
Ø Theoretical criticism
Ø Public and private criticism
Ø Moral criticism
Ø Scientific criticism
Ø Scholarly criticism
Ø Critical criticism
Ø Radical and revolutionary criticism
Ø Conservative criticism
Ø Liberal criticism
Ø Self-criticism
Aesthetic
criticism
Aesthetic criticism is a part of aesthetic
concerned with critically judging beauty and ugliness, tastefulness and
tastelessness, style and fashion, meaning and quality of design. Architecture
criticism is considered the highest form of aesthetic criticism, because
architecture combines art, science and technology to build a pleasing home
environment, a “living space” that people must inhabit everyday, more or less
permanently.
The motive
behind creative activity.
Total
context within which creative activity occurred.
Logical
criticism
In a logical criticism, an objection is
raised about an idea, argument, action or situation on the ground that it does
not make rational sense Such an objection usually refers to assumptions,
coherence, implications, and intent. Thus, the illogicality may involve
something that:
·
Is being assumed or inferred improperly, without
reasonable ground
·
Has implications or effects that are contrary to
itself, or negate itself
·
involves a language that superficially makes sense,
but defies logic when examined close.
Factual
criticism
In a
factual criticism, an objection is raised about an idea, argument, action or
situation on the ground that there is something wrong with the evidence of the
known experience relevant to it.
·
Relevant facts are said not to have been
definitely established as true, or the likelihood that they are true, has not
been established
Tragic Hero
“The term hero is derived from a Greek word that means a
person who faces adversity, or demonstrates courage, in the face of danger”.
However, sometimes he faces downfall as well.Aristotle defines a tragic hero as “a person
who must evoke a sense of pity and fear in the audience. Tragic hero is important part of the tragedy. Tragic hero is part of and
protagonist of the story. A tragic heroes downfall for his own mistake.
characteristics
of a Tragic Hero
Hamartia
Hubris
Anagnorisis
Nemesis
Catharsis
Hamartia
“A fatal flaw leading to the
downfall
of a tragic hero or
heroine.”
The term hamartia derives from the
Greek,
which means “to miss the mark or err”. It is most often associated with
Greek tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. In hamartia is
commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or tragic flaw that
leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal of their good
fortune to bad.
Hubris
“Excessive
pride and disrespect
for the natural order of things”.
Hubris
describe a personality quality of extreme or foolish pride or dangerous overconfidence,
often in combination with arrogance. Hubris is
usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group,
although the group the offender belongs to may suffer collateral consequences
from the wrongful act. Two well-known
cases are found in the speeches of Demosthenes, a prominent statesman and orator in ancien Greece.Claims like these were rarely left unpunished, and so Arachne,
a talented young weaver, was transformed into a spider when she said that her
skills exceeded those of the goddess Athena.The goddess Hybris has
been described as having "insolent encroachment upon the rights of others.
Anagnorisis
Anagnorisis is a moment in a play or other work
when a character make a play or other work when a character makes a critical
discovery. The use of this literary
device is very common in plays and novels. It is a very important part of the The
ideal moment for this device to happen is the moment of peripeteia, a reversal
of fortune, where the protagonist realizes some important insight or fact,
human nature, his own situation, or a truth about himself. Part of the plot in
a tragedy,whichthe protagonist recognizes his Tragic flaw. The
ideal moment for this device to happen is the moment of peripeteia, a reversal
of fortune, where the protagonist realizes some important insight or fact,
human nature, his own situation, or a truth about himself.
Nemesis
The inescapable agent of someone’s or
something ‘s downfall. Divine retribution is a major theme in the Hellenicworld
view, providing the unifying theme of
the tragedies of Sophocles and many other literary
works.Nemesis appears in a still more concrete form in a fragment of the
epic cypria.
.The word Nemesis originally meant the
distributor of fortune, neither good nor bad, simply in due proportion to each
according to what was deserved.
Catharsis
“The process of
releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions”.
Catharsis is a
term in dramatic that describes the effect of tragedy.
Purgation and purification, used in previous centuries, as the common
interpretations of catharsis are still in wide use today. In his works prior to
the Poetics, Aristotle had used the term catharsis purely
in its medical sense. In the twentieth century a paradigm shift took place in
the interpretation of catharsis with a number of scholars contributing to
theargument in support of the intellectual clarification concept.
Conclusion
Here I explain a two
literary term criticism and tragic hero. Thistwothing are very important in
literature.
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